Vivandieres, sometimes known as cantinieres, were women who followed the army to provide support for the troops. Ideally, a vivandiere would have been a young woman—the daughter of an officer or wife of a non-commissioned officer—who wore a uniform and braved battles to provide care for wounded soldiers on the battlefield.
Vivandieres saw most of their service during the early years of the war. By September 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered that all women be removed from military camps in his theater.
Vivandieres did not fight in battles but were often armed, earned honors, and were sometimes captured by the enemy. Their most important contribution was the essential medical care they provided as field nurses. As battles raged, vivandieres made their way through the wounded offering immediate medial care. Calculating the exact number of women who served as vivandieres is nearly impossible. Neither North nor South recognized the service of vivandieres and they are rarely mentioned in official records. Their courage and brave deeds are recorded in personal accounts and post-war regimental histories. While we cannot put a name to the young woman in this photograph, there are a few vivandieres whose names have become symbolic of all those who served.
Union:
Arabella Barlow – 12th New York Militia Reg., 61st New York Inf.
Sarah Beasley - 1st Rhode Island Inf.
Catherine Whitacre Brashear - 16th and 19th Ohio Inf.
Mary A. Brown - 31st Maine
Kady Brownell - 1st Rhode Island Infantry Volunteers, 5th Rhode Island Inf.
Bridget “Irish Biddy” Deavers (Divers) – 1st Michigan Cavalry Reg.
Mrs. L. L. Deming -10th Michigan Inf.
Molly Divver - 7th New York Inf.
“Dutch Mary” - 17th Maine Infantry Reg.
Anna Etheridge (“Gentle Annie”, “Michigan Annie”) - 2nd Michigan Vol. Inf. Reg.; 3rd Michigan; 5th Michigan - awarded the Kearny Cross
Hannah Ewbank - 7th Wisconsin Inf.
Elizabeth Cain Finnan - 81st Ohio Inf.
Augusta Foster - 5th & 2nd Maine Inf.
Martha Francis -1st Rhode Island Inf.
Ella Gibson - 49th Ohio Inf.
Ellen Goodridge - Wisconsin Reg.
Virginia Hall - 72nd Pennsylvania Inf.
Eliza Harris
Annie Jones - New York Reg.
Lizzie Clawson Jones - 6th Massachusetts Inf. Reg.
Hannah O’Neil - Co. H, 1st Minnesota Vol. Inf.
Belle Reynolds - 17th Illinois Inf.
Salm-Salm. Agnes Elisabeth Winona Leclerq Joy, Princess (Dec. 25, 1844-Agnes Elisabeth Winona Leclerq Joy, “Princess Salm-Salm”
Jerusha Small - 12th Iowa Inf. Reg.
Marie Tebe, “French Mary” - 27th Pennsylvania Inf., Co. I-“Washington Brigade”, 114th Pennsylvania Zouaves - awarded the Kearny Cross
Nadine Turchin -19th Illinois Inf. Reg.
Modenia Weston - 3rd Iowa Inf.
Eliza Wilson - 5th Wisconsin Inf., Co.K- “Dunn County Pinery Rifles”
Maggie Wilson
Mrs. John Witherson/Witherspoon - 23rd Pennsylvania Inf.
Julia Wood
Confederate
Madame Boivert - Guards Lafayette from Mobile, AL
Eliza “Lide” Carico - 10th Kentucky Partisan Rangers, Co. A
Lucy Ann Cox - 13th Virginia Reg.& 30th Virginia Inf., Co. A
Lucinda Home - 14th South Carolina Vol. Inf., Co. K
Jane Claudia Johnson - 1st Maryland Inf.
Allie McPeak
Leona Neville -5th Louisiana Inf.
Mary Ann Perkins - Guarde Lafayette, Mobile, AL
Bettie Taylor Philips - 4th Kentucky Inf. Reg.
Rose K. Rooney - 15th Louisiana Inf., Co. K
Sarah Taylor - 1st Tennessee Inf. – prisoner of war
Nancy Slaughter Walker
Lavinia Williams - 1st Louisiana Inf., Co. A & B
Affiliation Unknown:
Mary Hill
Mary Lippy
Vivandiere from the 12th Regiment, ca. 1861-1865. (Gilder Lehrman Collection)
Dr. Mary Walker
31st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment Camp
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